Pillow

A pillow is a support for the head or other parts of the body, used while sleeping on a bed, or, in the United States, for the body as used on a couch or chair (which British English would call a cushion).[1][2]

In contemporary western culture pillows consist of a fabric envelope which contains a soft stuffing, which may range from down feathers to synthetic foam. In other cultures pillows have been made of wood or stone. Bed pillows are typically covered with a cloth pillowcase. Pillows used in a living room typically have a sturdy cloth cover.

There are also throw pillows[3] (also called toss pillows, and in the UK, pillow shams), which are pillows that are mainly decorative and not designed for support or comfort. A cushion[3] is a soft bag filled with air or padding such as feathers or foam rubber. In the United Kingdom, pillows used on chairs, sofas or daybeds are called cushions, with the word pillow used only for pillows on a bed. In the UK, cushions are usually square, while bed pillows are oblong.[4]

Contents
[hide]
 * 1 Etymology
 * 2 History
 * 2.1 Overview
 * 2.2 In ancient Egypt
 * 2.3 In ancient Europe
 * 2.4 In ancient China
 * 3 Construction and parts
 * 4 Types
 * 4.1 Beds
 * 4.2 Orthopedic
 * 4.3 Decorative
 * 4.4 Miscellaneous styles
 * 5 See also
 * 6 References

Etymology
The word pillow comes from Middle English pilwe, from Old English pyle (akin to Old High German pfuliwi) and from Latin pulvinus. The first known use of the word pillow was before the 12th century.[5]

Overview
The first people to use pillows were those who lived in early civilizations of Mesopotamia around 7,000 BC.[6] During this time, only the wealthy used pillows.[6] The number of pillows symbolized status so the more pillows one owned the more affluence he or she held.[6] Pillows have always been produced around the world in order to help solve the reoccurring problem of neck, back, and shoulder pain while sleeping.[7] The pillow was also used to keep bugs and insects out of people's hair, mouth, nose, and ears while sleeping.[7]

In ancient Egypt
Pillow use has been associated with the mummies and tombs of ancient Egypt dating back to 2055-1985 B.C.[8] Ancient Egyptian pillows were wooden or stone headrests.[8]These pillows were mostly used by placing them under the heads of the deceased because the head of a human was considered to be the essence of life and sacred.[8] The ancient Egyptians used these wooden or stone pillows in order to provide support to a corpse’s head, uphold body vigor, keep blood circulating, and keep demons away.[8]

In ancient Europe
The Romans and Greeks of ancient Europe mastered the creation of the softer pillow. These pillows were stuffed with reeds, feathers, and straw in order to make them softer and more comfortable.[9] Only upper-class people typically owned these softer pillows, however all classes of people were allowed to use some type of pillow while sleeping in order to give them support.[9] People in ancient Europe started to use pillows when going to church in order to kneel on while praying and to place holy books on.[10] This is a tradition that still lives on today. Additionally, the Romans and Greeks used their pillows by placing them under the head of those deceased just like the ancient Egyptians did.[9]

In ancient China
Over many Chinese dynasties, pillows were made from a wide range of materials including bamboo, jade, porcelain, wood, and bronze.[11] Porcelain pillows became the most popular.[11] The use of the porcelain pillow first appeared in the Sui Dynasty between 581 and 618 while mass production of the porcelain pillow appeared in the Tang Dynasty between 618 and 907.[11] The Chinese decorated their pillows by making them different shapes and by painting pictures of animals, humans, and plants on them.[11] Ancient Chinese porcelain pillows reached their peak in terms of production and use during the Song, Jin, and Yuan dynasties between the 10th and 14th century, but slowly phased out during the Ming and Qing dynasties between 1368 and 1911 with the emergence of better pillow making materials.[11]

Construction and parts
A Japanese pillow filled with plastic tubes in a mesh sack

Internally, a pillow consists of a filler, often made from foam, synthetic plastic fibers, feathers, or down and viscoelastic foam and latex.[5]Traditionally straw was a filler, but this is uncomfortable and rarely used today. Feathers and down are the most expensive and usually the most comfortable; they offer the advantage of softness and their ability to conform to shapes desired by the user, more so than foam or fiber pillows. One of the disadvantages of a down-filled pillow is that a significant number of people are allergic to them. There are currently hypoallergenic varieties of down pillows to allow people sensitive to down to enjoy the comfort of feather or down pillows. In Asia,buckwheat is a common filler, as are plastic imitations. Such pillows tend to be smaller than a standard pillow. In India, cotton is also a common filler and is considered[according to whom?] to be healthier than synthetic fills.

The fill is surrounded with a cover or shell made of cloth, such as silk, known as the pillow case or pillow slip. Some pillows have a fancier cover called a sham which is closed on all sides and usually has a slit in the back through which the pillow is placed. Rectangular standard bed pillow cases usually do not have zippers, but instead have one side open all the time, however, a zippered pillow protector is often placed around standard pillows with the case in turn covering the protector. It is recommended that all types of pillow covers be launderedperiodically since they are the part that is in contact with a person's body. But even with regular washing, pillows tend to accumulate dustand microbes among the fill and it is recommended[according to whom?] that they be replaced every few years, especially for those with allergies.

Types
A pillow is designed to provide support and comfort to the body and head. There are three main types of pillows; bed pillows, orthopedic pillows and decorative pillows, with some overlapping of use between these. The appropriate size of a bed pillow depends on the size of the bed. In general a twin bed goes best with a standard pillow while for queen and king sized beds larger pillows are recommended.[12]

Beds
Several pillows on a bed

The classic bed pillow shape is usually a square or rectangle. In the US, they are common in these three sizes (in inches): Standard (20 x 26 inches), Queen (20 x 30 inches), and King (20 x 36 inches). In the US, a less common size is Jumbo (20 x 28 inches). The Jumbo size is larger than the Standard Size, and smaller than the Queen Size.

Pillows are generally covered with a removable pillow case, which facilitates laundering. Apart from the color and from the material of which they are made, pillowcases are described by three characteristics: Size conforms to the pillow the case is to contain. They are typically described as: Square is also called continental in the UK. German pillow sizes are 80 cm × 80 cm (older) or 40 cm × 80 cm (newer). When considered as a subset of bed pillows, Euro pillows finish 26 in × 26 in and older style travel pillows commonly finished 12 in × 16 in.[citation needed]
 * Size
 * Features
 * Opening/closing
 * Standard: (square) 16 in × 16 in (41 cm × 41 cm)
 * Square: 26 in × 26 in (66 cm × 66 cm)
 * Standard: 20 in × 26 in (51 cm × 66 cm)
 * Queen: 20 in × 30 in (51 cm × 76 cm)
 * King: 20 in × 36 in (51 cm × 91 cm)

The main distinguishing feature is whether the pillow case is plain or with a valance around the edge. In the former case this is described as 'plain style' and in the latter as 'Oxford style'.[this quote needs a citation]

The opening/closure of pillow cases ranges from the straightforward "bag style" common in the United States to the "housewife style" more common in Europe, with a pocket inside the open end to fully contain the pillow.[this quote needs a citation]

Other methods of closure are ties or buttons/buttonholes.

A body pillow with a light blue pillow case

Body pillows are as long as a full adult body, providing support to the head and neck at the top and to the knees and legs lower down. This type of pillow can be especially useful in providing support for those who sleep on their sides and for pregnant women. Size is 40 cm x 140 cm. (see also: Dutch wife)

Orthopedic
Panda shaped travel pillow

Neck pillows support the neck by providing a deep area for the head to rest and a supportive area to keep the neck in alignment with the spine while sleeping. These can also be known as cervical pillows.

Travel pillows provide support for the neck in a sitting position. Their "U" shape fits around the back of the neck and keeps the head from slipping into an uncomfortable and possibly harmful position during sleep. However, U-shaped pillows can sometimes force the head forward, creating neck stiffness.

Donut pillows are firm pillows shaped like a torus, with a space in the middle to alleviate pressure on the tailbone area while sitting. These pillows are used primarily by individuals who have suffered an injury to the tailbone area, or who suffer pain from hemorrhoids or another ailment of the colon.

Lumbar pillows are designed to support the inward curve of the lower back, filling the space created between the lower back and the back of the chair when in a sitting position. These pillows are generally used to support the lower back while driving or sitting, such as in anoffice chair. Orthopedic pillows are similar to memory foam pillows.

Decorative
A pile of pillows on a couch

Decorative pillows serve a dual purpose. They often have fancy cover material which serves to decorate the room where they are found. Since decorative textiles are commonly 54 inches in width, many decorative pillows finish about 17x17 inches. (54/3 = 18 less seam allowance) When used to decorate a fully made up bed, decorative pillows are likely thrown aside at bedtime, since they are not covered with a washable pillow case, thus, while found on the bed, they are primarily there for decoration, hence they fall under this category. These pillows may be custom made, as well as made by freelancers.

Decorative pillows are also found on furnishings in more public parts of the home, such as sofas, chairs and window seats. Here, their common use may overlap both orthopedic and bed pillows. For example, unless a person has some particular medical condition, they will likely use a handy decorative pillow for lumbar support, as needed, while seated on a sofa. Likewise, for the occasional nap, decorative pillows are handy for supporting the head or neck, even though they may not be covered with a pillow case, as are bed pillows.

There are five common synonyms for decorative pillows which are descriptive of their use in the home. "Accent" pillows emphasize or accent some other part of the home decor. The terms "sofa pillow" and "couch pillow" refer to the place these decorative pillows are likely found. The terms "toss pillow" and "throw pillow" may refer to the way they generally arrive in their places.[citation needed]

Novelty pillows are shaped like humorous objects (a banana, tweety bird, a human leg, a chainsaw, a dill pickle, a former president) and are meant to brighten up and add humor to a room or lounge area.

Tent-flap pillows are placed at the front of a stack of pillows decorating a bed. "Tent flap" is the term used to describe a separate flap of fabric that is attached at the top of the pillow and folds down over the face. The tent flap can be loose or tacked down; if the flap is loose a decorative tassel or bead is usually used to weigh the flap down so it hangs properly.[13]

Floor pillows are another subset of decorative pillows. These pillows often finish 26x26 inches (one half of the width of the textile, less seam allowance)

Miscellaneous styles
Three firestop pillows
 * Dakimakura is a hugging pillow originating in Japan.
 * Guling is a long hugging pillow originating from Indonesia.
 * Abrazador is a long hugging pillow originating from the Philippines.
 * Firestop pillows are technical firestop products, used in passive fire protection.
 * A husband pillow (also known as a boyfriend pillow) is a large, high-backed pillow with two "arms." It is used to prop the user upright while in bed or on the floor, as for reading or watching television. Because of this common use, a husband pillow is also called a reading pillow. No one knows precisely why the husband pillow is called the husband pillow.
 * Shitou zhentou (Chinese for rock pillow) played an important role in ancient China. Made from jade, it was believed to translate the energy from the stone to the human brain. Derived from the Ming dynasty, this piece of material was trusted to cure headaches or depressions, or simply to better the intelligence of those who use it. It was more common in the royalties because it was expensive and rare. Families often married off children based on the quality and intricacy of these pillows.[14] Today, rock pillows are still commonly used during the hot summer months in China.
 * Self-adjusting Pillow has a D-shaped arc bottom and a hard bottom layer and soft surface layer. The uniqueness of self-adjusting pillow is its non-dependence on the effects of the material substances. Its essential strength comes from the D-shaped arch design which will create the perfect harmony and co-ordinating movements of the human body.

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 * This page was last modified on 3 July 2015, at 22:49.